13,708 research outputs found
Electromagnetic Coulomb Gas with Vector Charges and "Elastic'' Potentials : Renormalization Group Equations
We present a detailed derivation of the renormalization group equations for
two dimensional electromagnetic Coulomb gases whose charges lie on a triangular
lattice (magnetic charges) and its dual (electric charges). The interactions
between the charges involve both angular couplings and a new electromagnetic
potential. This motivates the denomination of ``elastic'' Coulomb gas. Such
elastic Coulomb gases arise naturally in the study of the continuous melting
transition of two dimensional solids coupled to a substrate, either
commensurate or with quenched disorder
The formation of silver /I/ chloride by the action of silver /I/ ion on carbon tetrachloride in 2-butanol and methanol
Formation of silver chloride by action of silver ion on carbon tetrachloride in 2-butanol and methano
AN UNWELCOME EMPIRE: JAPANESE IMPERIALISM AS THE YELLOW PERIL IN BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES IN AND AROUND THE SINO-JAPANESE AND RUSSO-JAPANESE WARS.
This thesis is about Western perceptions of Japan’s early imperialist years and aims to address how Britain and America perceived the expansion of Meiji Japan. In doing so the period spanning from the Sino-Japanese to the Russo-Japanese War is taken as the core area of study, with the victory of Japan in both of these conflicts marking the point in time where it emerged as an imperial power. As such anti-Japanese prejudices will be examined to show how some in the West regarded this ascendency with contempt as the virtue of being an imperial state with the privileges of empire which came something which should be reserved for the white, Christian nations who possessed a history of such endeavours.
In order to establish a competent assessment of this I have structured this work in such a way which sees two intense chapters being presented focusing on the years surrounding these conflicts. In these chapters Japan’s relations with the West, primarily Britain and the United States, will be looked at focusing on the differing political and societal opinions as to whether or not Japan’s emergence as a global power constituted a legitimate threat. The former of these conflicts saw Japan’s emergence as an imperial power whilst the latter saw it burst onto the world stage. For this period of study I have used materials from the popular media as well as governmental publications so to provide an encompassing image.
Following the defeat of Russia in 1905 the idea of Japan as the epitome of the yellow peril was more engrained in western circles. In America especially this is most vociferous with ideas of exclusion and anti-Japanese prejudices not being difficult to find. Across this period however, Britain was more reserved in their attitudes towards Japan and although similar examples can be found they were always the more accepting of Japan which the signing of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance is testament to. By bringing together a number of different strands surrounding this topic a range of material is used collating a range of ideas and arguments, something where a study with greater parameters than those permitted here would be of greater use, providing a more thorough and encompassing investigation
A New Phase of Tethered Membranes: Tubules
We show that fluctuating tethered membranes with {\it any} intrinsic
anisotropy unavoidably exhibit a new phase between the previously predicted
``flat'' and ``crumpled'' phases, in high spatial dimensions where the
crumpled phase exists. In this new "tubule" phase, the membrane is crumpled in
one direction but extended nearly straight in the other. Its average thickness
is with the intrinsic size of the membrane. This phase
is more likely to persist down to than the crumpled phase. In Flory
theory, the universal exponent , which we conjecture is an exact
result. We study the elasticity and fluctuations of the tubule state, and the
transitions into it.Comment: 4 pages, self-unpacking uuencoded compressed postscript file with
figures already inside text; unpacking instructions are at the top of file.
To appear in Phys. Rev. Lett. November (1995
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Effect of Vascepa (icosapent ethyl) on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with elevated triglycerides (200-499 mg/dL) on statin therapy: Rationale and design of the EVAPORATE study.
Despite reducing progression and promoting regression of coronary atherosclerosis, statin therapy does not fully address residual cardiovascular (CV) risk. High-purity eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) added to a statin has been shown to reduce CV events and induce regression of coronary atherosclerosis in imaging studies; however, data are from Japanese populations without high triglyceride (TG) levels and baseline EPA serum levels greater than those in North American populations. Icosapent ethyl is a high-purity prescription EPA ethyl ester approved at 4 g/d as an adjunct to diet to reduce TG levels in adults with TG levels >499 mg/dL. The objective of the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled EVAPORATE study is to evaluate the effects of icosapent ethyl 4 g/d on atherosclerotic plaque in a North American population of statin-treated patients with coronary atherosclerosis, TG levels of 200 to 499 mg/dL, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of 40 to 115 mg/dL. The primary endpoint is change in low-attenuation plaque volume measured by multidetector computed tomography angiography. Secondary endpoints include incident plaque rates; quantitative changes in different plaque types and morphology; changes in markers of inflammation, lipids, and lipoproteins; and the relationship between these changes and plaque burden and/or plaque vulnerability. Approximately 80 patients will be followed for 9 to 18 months. The clinical implications of icosapent ethyl 4 g/d treatment added to statin therapy on CV endpoints are being evaluated in the large CV outcomes study REDUCE-IT. EVAPORATE will provide important imaging-derived data that may add relevance to the clinically derived outcomes from REDUCE-IT
Superfluid Bosons and Flux Liquids: Disorder, Thermal Fluctuations, and Finite-Size Effects
The influence of different types of disorder (both uncorrelated and
correlated) on the superfluid properties of a weakly interacting or dilute Bose
gas, as well as on the corresponding quantities for flux line liquids in
high-temperature superconductors at low magnetic fields are reviewed,
investigated and compared. We exploit the formal analogy between superfluid
bosons and the statistical mechanics of directed lines, and explore the
influence of the different "imaginary time" boundary conditions appropriate for
a flux line liquid. For superfluids, we discuss the density and momentum
correlations, the condensate fraction, and the normal-fluid density as function
of temperature for two- and three-dimensional systems subject to a space- and
time-dependent random potential as well as conventional point-, line-, and
plane-like defects. In the case of vortex liquids subject to point disorder,
twin boundaries, screw dislocations, and various configurations of columnar
damage tracks, we calculate the corresponding quantities, namely density and
tilt correlations, the ``boson'' order parameter, and the tilt modulus. The
finite-size corrections due to periodic vs. open "imaginary time" boundary
conditions differ in interesting and important ways. Experimental implications
for vortex lines are described briefly.Comment: 78 pages, RevTex, 4 figures included (sorry, there are no ps-files
for the remaining 2 figures; if needed, please send mail to
[email protected]); brief erratum appended (2 pages
Topological transitions and freezing in XY models and Coulomb gases with quenched disorder: renormalization via traveling waves
We study the two dimensional XY model with quenched random phases and its
Coulomb gas formulation. A novel renormalization group (RG) method is developed
which allows to study perturbatively the glassy low temperature XY phase and
the transition at which frozen topological defects (vortices) proliferate. This
RG approach is constructed both from the replicated Coulomb gas and,
equivalently without the use of replicas, using the probability distribution of
the local disorder (random defect core energy). By taking into account the
fusion of environments (i.e charge fusion in the replicated Coulomb gas) this
distribution is shown to obey a Kolmogorov's type (KPP) non linear RG equation
which admits travelling wave solutions and exhibits a freezing phenomenon
analogous to glassy freezing in Derrida's random energy models. The resulting
physical picture is that the distribution of local disorder becomes broad below
a freezing temperature and that the transition is controlled by rare favorable
regions for the defects, the density of which can be used as the new
perturbative parameter. The determination of marginal directions at the
disorder induced transition is shown to be related to the well studied front
velocity selection problem in the KPP equation and the universality of the
novel critical behaviour obtained here to the known universality of the
corrections to the front velocity. Applications to other two dimensional
problems are mentionned at the end.Comment: 86 pages, 15 eps files include
B(H) Constitutive Relations Near H_c1 in Disordered Superconductors
We provide a self-contained account of the B vs. H constitutive relation near
H_c1 in Type II superconductors with various types of quenched random disorder.
The traditional Abrikosov result B ~ [ln (H - H_c1)]^{-2}, valid in the absence
of disorder and thermal fluctuations, changes significantly in the presence of
disorder. Moreover, the constitutive relations will depend strongly on the type
of disorder. In the presence of point disorder, B ~ (H - H_c1)^{3/2} in
three-dimensional (thick) superconductors, as shown by Nattermann and Lipowsky.
In two-dimensional (thin film) superconductors with point disorder, B ~ (H -
H_c1). In the presence of parallel columnar disorder, we find that B ~ exp[-C /
(H - H_c1)] in three dimensions, while B ~ exp[-K / (H - H_c1)^{1/2}] in two
dimensions. In the presence of nearly isotropically splayed disorder, we find
that B ~ (H - H_c1)^{3/2} in both two and three dimensions.Comment: 37 pages, 12 figures included in text; submitted to Physica
Sinai model in presence of dilute absorbers
We study the Sinai model for the diffusion of a particle in a one dimension
random potential in presence of a small concentration of perfect
absorbers using the asymptotically exact real space renormalization method. We
compute the survival probability, the averaged diffusion front and return
probability, the two particle meeting probability, the distribution of total
distance traveled before absorption and the averaged Green's function of the
associated Schrodinger operator. Our work confirms some recent results of
Texier and Hagendorf obtained by Dyson-Schmidt methods, and extends them to
other observables and in presence of a drift. In particular the power law
density of states is found to hold in all cases. Irrespective of the drift, the
asymptotic rescaled diffusion front of surviving particles is found to be a
symmetric step distribution, uniform for , where
is a new, survival length scale ( in the absence of
drift). Survival outside this sharp region is found to decay with a larger
exponent, continuously varying with the rescaled distance . A simple
physical picture based on a saddle point is given, and universality is
discussed.Comment: 21 pages, 2 figure
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